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马来西亚-杂交水稻

中国伟大的杂交水稻之父-袁隆平杂交水稻的科技已吹到马来西亚，相信马来西亚正式走向更好的农业美好前途。拥有国家的支持，马来西亚的稻米产量可以足够的供应给国民。

本地的杂交水稻品种可以成功的交配下，让农民有更大的信心。作物杂交育种是指对作物的不同品种间进行杂交，并在其杂交后代中选育具有高产和优良品性的品种的方法。20世纪中期以来，为了应对人口迅速增长带来的粮食需求，各国纷纷开展杂交育种的研究。这些杂交稻具有高产、矮秆、耐肥、耐旱、适应性广和米质较好等特点，可比一般良种增产10～20％。1976年起，杂交水稻在全国大面积推广。袁隆平因此被誉为“杂交水稻之父”。目前，世界各国种植的主要农作物大都是杂交品种，它们获得了大面积增产的效果。转基因等新的生物工程技术现已用于杂交育种，科学家们正在努力为人类培育出更多更好的农作物新品种。

专业化、社会化的农业服务健康发展

现代农业建设必须有专业化、社会化的农业服务业作支撑。培育发展各类农民专业合作组织。全国围绕主导优势产业，大力扶持发展各类农民专业合作组织，坚持农民自愿和“民办、民管、民受益”，坚持规范化、市场化运 作，支持农民专业合作社和农村专业经济协会开展市场营销、信息服务、科技推广、技术培训、农产品加工储藏和农资采购经营，形成专业化、社会化的农业服务体 系。

作物杂交育种是指对作物的不同品种间进行杂交，并在其杂交后代中选育具有高产和优良品性的品种的方法。20世纪中期以来，为了应对人口迅速增长带来的粮食需求，各国纷纷开展杂交育种的研究。这些杂交稻具有高产、矮秆、耐肥、耐旱、适应性广和米质较好等特点，可比一般良种增产10～20％。1976年起，杂交水稻在全国大面积推广。袁隆平因此被誉为“杂交水稻之父”。目前，世界各国种植的主要农作物大都是杂交品种，它们获得了大面积增产的效果。转基因等新的生物工程技术现已用于杂交育种，科学家们正在努力为人类培育出更多更好的农作物新品种。

杂交水稻表现为产量高、品质优、抗性好、适应性好等多种优势。
特征特性：

1. 杂交优势强。植株高115－120厘米，叶片上冲，株型紧凑，茎杆粗壮。该品种分蘖强、繁茂性好。
2. 产量结构理想。该品种为大穗型品种，一般亩有效穗15万左右，穗长21厘米，穗总粒数160－200粒，结实率91－93.5%，实收亩产650公斤左右。
   播种期比较宽松，适应性强。该品种播期一般以5月中旬为宜，但5月底播种也能安全齐穗，基本不影响产量，有利于茬口布局，适应性强。
3. 抗性好。该品 种由于株型紧凑，有利于通风透光，改善田间环境，有利于减轻病虫危害。该品种较抗稻瘟病、白叶枯病，轻感纹枯病、稻曲病，抗倒能力强。
4. 熟相好。该品种后期根系活力强，谷粒转色澄黄，柴青谷熟色相好。

栽培技术要点

1. 培育带蘖壮秧。根据前茬确定播种期、秧龄30天，大田亩用种量2公斤左右，秧田亩用量25－30公斤。施足基肥、科学肥水管理，确保叶蘖同伸，培育带蘖壮秧。

2. 合理栽植。一般行株距8寸×4寸或9寸×3.5寸，亩栽基本苗4－4.5万左右。

3. 平衡配方施肥。控氮增磷钾为原则。氮化肥根据土壤肥力一般掌握亩施纯氮14－15公斤，按基肥、蘖肥各50%为宜。腐熟有机禽畜肥每亩20担移栽前旋耕深施作基肥。慎施穗粒肥。

4. 科学水浆调控。前期浅水勤灌促早发，当总苗数达14万时开始搁田，由轻至重分次搁成，至倒三叶始出终止搁田，高峰苗控制在22万左右，齐穗头沉后采用时干时湿的间隙灌溉法，后期不过早停水，确保养根保叶，提高后期活力，提高结实率，增加千粒重。

5. 抓好病虫草综合防治工作。一抓大田期的栽培管理科学化、以农防措施增强水稻自身抗性能力；二要选用好安全高效除草剂，适时施药，彻底解决草害；同时，必须根据各阶段的病虫情报，认真抓好病虫防治工作，确保优质高产。

Malaysia Hybrid Rice

About eight years ago, the Malaysian government gave up on hybrid rice. Years of dedicated research hadn't produced a viable variety, and there were no signs of any on the horizon. But, as is so often the case with hybrid rice, the past has little to to do with the future, and hybrid rice is now once again back making headlines in the country.

What is Hybrid rice

Hybrid rice is the first generation (F1) crop grown by crossing two inbred- genetically fixed - varieties of a particular crop. Hybrids are special because they express so-called "heterosis" or hybrid vigor. Due to hybrid vigor, hybrid rice has 15-30% yield advantage over the conventional inbred rice that farmers grow.

• Siraj is a crossbreed between indica and japonica.

• Siraj, was successfully developed with the following characteristics :

• 1. Life Cycle : 114-120 days
• 2. Effective Tiller No. per plant: 40~60 (MR 219: 20~25)
• 3. Grain No. per panicle: 200~250 (MR219: 80~120)
• 4. Average Yield : 8-10 tonnes per hectare (inbred: 4.2 tonnes per hectare in 2006)
• 5. Potential Yield : 12 -15 tons per hectare

Hybrids are produced by crossing two inbred- genetically fixed - varieties of a particular crop. Hybrids are special because they express what is called "heterosis" or hybrid vigor.

The idea is that if you cross two parents which are genetically distant from each other, the offspring will be "superior", particularly in terms of yield. However, the so-called heterosis effect disappears after the first (F1) generation, so it is pointless for farmers to save seeds produced from a hybrid crop.

This makes it very profitable to go into the seed business, since farmers need to purchase new F1 seeds every season to get the heterosis effect (high yield) each time. Rice is a mainly self-pollinated crop.(i) Each rice plant produces its own pollen which gets into an ovary and through fertilisation produces seed - what we eat as the rice grain. Rice has been a poor candidate for commercial hybridisation because you would have to find a way to sterilize some of the plants and then force them to cross with fertile plants. Going against nature can be hard work. For this reason, private industry never came into the rice seed business, and left farmers with their own seed supply. Only recently did this start to change.

Researchers are now experimenting with new methods of hybrid rice production. One is called "environment-sensitive genetic male sterility", which uses either photoperiod-sensitive genetic male sterility (PGMS) or thermo-sensitive genetic male sterility (TGMS). PGMS lines are sterile lines that regain fertility with daylight fluctuations. Therefore, they can only be used in temperate zones. TGMS lines regain fertility when the temperature fluctuates, which means they can be used in the highlands of the tropics. These methods are known as two-line systems since they do not require maintainer lines and any fertile line can be used as a pollen parent. Proponents maintain that this offers a wider choice of parental lines, but both PGMS and TGMS suffer from similar limitations to the CMS lines. Sources of PGMS and TGMS are exceedingly rare and by 1994, only 12 had been identified.(v)

（满城黄金甲 Golden Land）

There is still another horizon, which the Chinese call the one-line system . This refers to the long-term goal of transferring apomixis into rice, in this case hybrid rice. Apomixis is the capacity of a plant to reproduce asexually. Apomictic plants develop seeds, but without the merger of male and female reproductive cells. So the seeds are clones of a single parent plant. Apomixis is common in weeds but rare in crop plants. It doesn't exist in the Oryza genus but it does exist in Pennisetum and scientists have been hoping to transfer the genes for apomixis from pearl millet.

Other methods of inducing sterility in rice are genetic engineering, for example the SeedLink system,(vi) and chemical approaches using gametocides.